On a recent visit to the Notre-Dame de Paris, the 12th-century cathedral was bustling with a steady flow of visitors who had come inside the Gothic monument from a wintery afternoon. It seemed more packed than it had been before its closure in 2019, after the collapse of its iconic spire and roof in a horrific blaze. But the line to get in moved quickly, and once under its vaulted ceiling, the sheer size of the structure left room to linger. I had gone to see the stained-glass windows designed by Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc in the 19th century, adorning six of the south-side chapels along the nave—before they are replaced.
Viollet-le-Duc’s windows, geometric and floral-patterned stained-glass grisailles, or light gray-scale panes accented with colorful sections, were installed as part of his major restoration of Notre-Dame between 1844 and 1864. Meanwhile, earlier that week, I had gone to the Grand Palais, equally bustling, to see life-size models of the proposed substitutes, a figurative retelling of the Pentecost, by contemporary artist Claire Tabouret.
These two sets of windows are at the center of a so-called “stained-glass quarrel,” as the French media regularly calls it, or the more poetic “windows of discord,” as Le Monde put it. In late 2023, following the 2019 blaze that nearly engulfed all of Notre-Dame, French president Emmanuel Macron, in agreement with Laurent Ulrich, the Archbishop of Paris, announced a project to commission a new set of stained-glass windows by a living artist for six of the seven stained-glass windows in the chapels along the southern side of the nave, as a “contemporary gesture” to breathe new life into the centuries-old structure.
From eight finalists, Tabouret’s six painted designs, which will be translated into stained glass with master artisans at the Atelier Simon-Marq, were ultimately selected in late 2024, for the commission of a lifetime—but the trouble had already been brewing well before then.
Claire Tabouret, surrounded by the life-size maquettes created for the six stained-glass windows of Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris. Photo Bebel Matsumiya, 2025/©Claire Tabouret
At the crux of the controversy is the fact that Tabouret’s new windows would push out Viollet-le-Duc’s undamaged ones. Advocates for the project argue that since the windows date to the 19th century, instead of the Middle Ages, they are fair game to be replaced in a monument that has historically integrated new artistic elements to its walls over the centuries. The goal is to add “meaning” and “beauty,” through the story of the Pentecost, while maintaining “coherence” in this part of Notre-Dame with a nearby figurative window depicting the Tree of Jesse, according to Philippe Jost, who has led the Notre Dame restoration since the fire. (The Tree of Jesse window is the only figurative stained-glass one on the same, ground-floor side of the nave as Viollet-le-Duc’s geometric ones.) Another dismissal of the 19th-century windows has to do with them being grisailles and therefore not as colorful as one might expect of a stained-glass window. Tabouret’s design, by contrast, is a riot of explosive color.